Method of driving a dual gated MOSFET

ABSTRACT

A method of driving a dual-gated MOSFET having a Miller capacitance between the MOSFET gate and drain includes preparing the MOSFET to switch from a blocking mode to a conduction mode by applying to the MOSFET shielding gate a first voltage signal having a first voltage level. The first voltage level is selected to charge the Miller capacitance and thereby reduce switching losses. A second voltage signal is applied to the switching gate to switch the MOSFET from the blocking to the conduction mode. The first voltage signal is then changed to a level selected to reduce the conduction mode drain-to-source resistance and thereby reduce conduction losses. The first voltage signal is returned to the first voltage level to prepare the MOSFET for being switched from the conduction mode to the blocking mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/686,859, filed 16 Oct. 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,742, filed Aug. 14, 2003 and entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED MOS GATING TO REDUCE MILLER CAPACITANCE AND SWITCHING LOSSES, which, in turn, claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/405,369, filed Aug. 23, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to semiconductors and, more particularly, to a method of and apparatus for driving dual-gate metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

MOSFETs are used extensively in switching applications, such as, for example, switching power supplies, practically to the exclusion of other types of transistors. MOSFETs are suited to such switching applications due to their relatively high switching speed and low power requirements. However, the dynamic losses in conventional MOSFETs represent a large percentage of the total losses in DC-to-DC converters. The dynamic losses of conventional MOSFETS are directly proportional to the device rise and fall times which are, in turn, proportional to the gate-to-drain capacitance, i.e., the Miller capacitance, of the devices (C_(GD) or Q_(GD)).

The Miller capacitance is reduced by reducing the area over which the gate and drain regions overlap. In prior art devices, this overlap area includes the bottom of the gate trench. Many prior art attempts to reduce the Miller capacitance have therefore focused on narrowing the trench width to thereby reduce the width of the trench bottom and thus the overlap area. However, the ability to further reduce trench width is limited by the ability to etch narrow trenches, and the corresponding need to be able to fill the narrow trenches with gate electrode material.

A dual-gated MOSFET device as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,742, filed Aug. 14, 2003 and entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED MOS GATING TO REDUCE MILLER CAPACITANCE AND SWITCHING LOSSES, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, virtually eliminates the Miller capacitance and the switching losses associated therewith by providing a dual-gated structure that reduces the area over which the gate and drain regions overlap. Generally, the dual-gated structure includes a shielding gate and a control gate. The shielding gate is biased into the on or conduction state either continuously or just prior to a switching event thereby placing the device into the conduction mode. The shielding gate charges the gate-to-drain overlap region, which as stated above is the region that generates the Miller capacitance in a conventional device. With the shielding gate thus biased, the current flow through the dual-gated device is controlled and is easily switched on and/or off by the voltage level applied to the switching or control gate.

In order to gain the full advantage of the desirable characteristics of such a dual-gated device, however, drive signals having specific voltage levels at particular times must be applied to each of the shielding and switching gates. More particularly, drive signals having a specific sequence of voltage levels must be applied to each of the shielding and switching gates in order to achieve both fast switching times and low resistance between the drain and source when the device is in the on or conduction state (RDSon).

Therefore, what is needed in the art is a method and apparatus for driving a dual-gated MOSFET.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for driving a dual-gated MOSFET.

The invention comprises, in one form thereof, a method of driving a dual-gated MOSFET having a Miller capacitance between the MOSFET gate and drain. The method includes preparing the MOSFET to switch from a blocking mode to a conduction mode by applying to the MOSFET shielding gate/electrode a first voltage signal having a first voltage level. The first voltage level is selected to charge the Miller capacitance and thereby reduce switching losses. A second voltage signal is applied to the switching gate to switch the MOSFET from the blocking to the conduction mode. The first voltage signal is then changed to a level selected to reduce the conduction mode drain-to-source resistance and thereby reduce conduction losses. The first voltage signal is returned to the first voltage level to prepare the MOSFET for being switched from the conduction mode to the blocking mode.

An advantage of the present invention is that the gate voltage signals are applied to the gates of the dual-gated MOSFET in such levels and in such a sequence so as to substantially reduce drain-to-source resistance in the on-state.

Yet another advantage of the present invention is that the gate voltage signals are applied to the gates of the dual-gated MOSFET in such levels and in such a sequence so as to substantially increase switching times.

A still further advantage of the present invention is that the gate voltage signals are applied to the gates of the dual-gated MOSFET in such levels and in such a sequence so as to substantially reduce Miller capacitance and switching losses.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become apparent and be better understood by reference to the following description of one embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a plot of the applied gate voltage versus gate charge for both a conventional MOSFET and a dual-gated MOSFET;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a circuit of the present invention for driving a dual-gated MOSFET; and

FIG. 3 shows the voltage signals applied to the gates of a dual-gated MOSFET according to one embodiment of the method for driving a dual-gated MOSFET of the present invention.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate one preferred embodiment of the invention, in one form, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the gate voltage Vg_(CONV) of a conventional MOSFET and the gate voltage Vg_(DUAL) of a dual-gated MOSFET device are each plotted versus the gate charge applied thereto. As FIG. 1 shows, a “flat” region M exists in the gate charge curve Vg_(CONV) of the conventional MOSFET. Within flat region M the gate charge Q_(gate) increases from approximately −0.5 to approximately 2.00×10⁻¹⁵ Coulombs per micrometer while the voltage applied to the gate remains relatively constant at approximately 1.5 Volts. Flat region M, referred to as the Miller region, occurs due to the Miller capacitance of the conventional MOSFET.

Flat region M corresponds to the charging and/or discharging of the Miller capacitance as the conventional MOSFET undergoes the transition from a blocking state to a conducting state or from a conducting state to a blocking state. It is in the Miller region M that most of the switching losses in a conventional MOSFET occur since the device current and voltage are each relatively high. Reducing the Miller capacitance reduces the time the device requires to undergo the transition from conduction to blocking or vice-versa, and thereby reduces switching losses. In contrast to the conventional MOSFET device, the gate voltage waveform Vg_(DUAL) for the dual-gated MOSFET device has virtually no flat or Miller region. Thus, the dual-gated MOSFET device has a substantially reduced Miller capacitance relative to a conventional MOSFET.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic representation of one embodiment of a driving circuit of the present invention for driving a dual-gated MOSFET. Generally, dual gate driving circuit 10 is configured for driving dual-gated MOSFET 20, which has a dual overlapping gate structure that reduces Miller capacitance and improves switching speed. More particularly, dual-gated MOSFET 20 includes shielding gate 22, switching/control gate 24, drain 26 and source 28. The structure, method of manufacture, and theory of operation of MOSFET 20 are thoroughly described in the above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,742, filed Aug. 14, 2003 and entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED MOS GATING TO REDUCE MILLER CAPACITANCE AND SWITCHING LOSSES, which has been incorporated herein by reference. Driving circuit 10 also includes first or shield gate voltage signal generating means 32 and second or switching gate voltage generating means 34.

First or shield gate voltage signal generating means 32, hereinafter referred to as voltage signal source 32, is electrically connected to shielding gate 22 and provides thereto shield gate voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD). Second or switching gate voltage signal generating means 34, hereinafter referred to as voltage signal source 34, is electrically connected to switching/control gate 24 and provides thereto switching/control gate voltage signal Vg_(SWITCH). Shield gate voltage source 32 and switching gate voltage source 34 are each configured, for example, as voltage sources 40 a, 40 b, respectively, that are selectively connected to corresponding voltage-divider circuits 42 a, 42 b, through transistor switches 44 a, 44 b, respectively. Each of transistor switches 44 a, 44 b, are electrically connected to respective outputs of a microprocessor, analog or digital controller 50, via corresponding buffers or drivers (not shown) if necessary. The microprocessor or controller 50 opens and/or closes transistor switches 44 a, 44 b to selectively connect voltage sources 40 a, 40 b to the corresponding voltage divider circuits 44 a, 44 b. Thus, microprocessor or controller 50 controls the voltage across the voltage divider circuit and thereby produces the gate voltage waveforms Vg_(SHIELD) and Vg_(SWITCH). Voltage supply 52 is electrically connected with shielding gate 22, and maintains shielding gate 22 at a predetermined voltage level as is more particularly described hereinafter.

Referring now to FIG. 3, the voltage signals generated by voltage signal source 32 and voltage signal source 34, and which are applied to each of the gates of dual-gated MOSFET 20 according to one embodiment of the method for driving a dual-gated MOSFET of the present invention, are shown. More particularly, FIG. 3 shows the voltage signals Vg_(SHIELD) and Vg_(SWITCH), which as described above are electrically connected to and drive shielding 22 and switching 24 electrodes/gates, respectively, of dual-gated MOSFET 20. The resulting voltage signal V_(DS) between drain 26 and source 28 is also shown. Generally, voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD) prepares MOSFET 20 to be switched and thereby reduces the undesirable effects of the Miller capacitance on the switching characteristics of MOSFET 20, whereas Vg_(SWITCH) controls the actual switching of MOSFET 20 between the conduction and blocking states. Once MOSFET 20 has been placed into the conduction mode, the voltage level of Vg_(SHIELD) is controlled to optimize/reduce the resistance between drain 26 and source 28.

More particularly, at and/or prior to time t₀ signal Vg_(SHIELD) maintains shielding gate 22 at voltage level V₁, such as, for example, approximately three to six volts. Voltage supply 52 either continuously maintains voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD) at voltage level V₁ or brings voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD) to voltage level V₁ at a predetermined amount of time prior to a switching event. Voltage level V₁ is selected to be of a sufficient level to support a driving voltage level, i.e., to substantially completely charge the Miller capacitance and prepare the channel of MOSFET 20 for conduction, thereby minimizing the effects of the Miller capacitance on the switching characteristics of MOSFET 20. In effect, application of voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD) at voltage level V₁ to shield gate 22 charges the gate-to-drain overlap region of MOSFET 20, which is the region that generates the Miller capacitance in a conventional MOSFET device, and thereby optimizes the rise and/or fall times of switching gate 22. Once that gate-to-drain overlap region is charged by the application of voltage signal Vg_(SHIELD) at voltage level V₁ to shield electrode or gate 22, MOSFET 20 is easily and quickly switched on and/or off by a relatively small change in the voltage level of voltage signal Vg_(SWITCH) applied to switching electrode/gate 24.

In short, the application of voltage level V₁ to shielding gate 22 preparatorily charges the Miller capacitance of MOSFET 20 for an impending or an eventual switching event, thereby optimizing the rise and fall times of switching gate 24. Once shield gate 22 has been switched, only conduction losses (which are relatively small compared to switching losses or losses due to Miller capacitance) occur during the switching of MOSFET 20.

A switching event is commenced at time t₁ by causing signal Vg_(SWITCH) to transition from voltage level V₂, such as, for example, approximately zero volts or ground potential, toward voltage level V₃, such as, for example, from approximately 5 to 10 Volts, to thereby switch MOSFET 20 from a blocking mode into a conduction mode. This transition is reflected by the corresponding transition at approximately time t₁ of V_(DS) from a high voltage level to a low voltage. At time t₂ signal Vg_(SHIELD) begins to transition from voltage level V₁ toward voltage level V₄. The delay time t_(D1) is the duration between times t₁ and t₂, and is dependent at least in part upon the rise time of switching gate 24. Preferably, delay time t_(D1) is approximately equal to the rise time of switching gate 24. However, various sources may introduce additional delay between times t₁ and t₂ thereby making t_(D1) somewhat greater than the rise time of switching gate 24. Therefore, Vg_(SWITCH) may reach voltage level V₃ prior to time t₂, and thus prior to the beginning of the transition of Vg_(SHIELD) from voltage level V₁ toward voltage level V₄. Vg_(SWITCH) remains at voltage level V₃ for a duration of time t_(p).

Vg_(SHIELD) rises at time t₂ from voltage level V₁ toward voltage level V₄, such as, for example, from approximately 9 to 13 Volts, that is selected to optimize/reduce the resistance between drain 26 and source 28 while MOSFET 20 is in the on or conduction state, i.e., R_(DSon). Thus, conduction losses during the on-state operation of MOSFET 20 are substantially reduced.

In preparation for and/or in order to commence a second or return switching event, and switch MOSFET 20 from the conduction to the blocking mode, the voltage level of Vg_(SHIELD) is reduced at time t₃ from voltage level V₄ back toward voltage level V₁. Thereafter, Vg_(SHIELD) is either continuously maintained at voltage level V₁, or is reduced to a different voltage level, such as, for example, ground potential, and then returned to voltage level V₁ at a predetermined amount of time prior to the next switching event.

At time t₄ VgSWITCH is switched from voltage level V₃ back toward voltage level V₂. The delay time t_(D2) is the duration between times t₃ and t₄, and is dependent at least in part upon the fall time of switching gate 24. This transition is reflected by a corresponding transition at approximately time t₄ of VDS from a low voltage to a high voltage level. Preferably, delay time t_(D2) is approximately equal to the fall time of switching gate 24. However, various sources may introduce additional delay between times t₃ and t₄ thereby making t_(D2) somewhat greater than the fall time of switching gate 24.

In the embodiment shown, the shield and switching gate voltage sources are configured as voltage sources driving voltage-divider circuits through transistor switches which are electrically connected to respective outputs of a microprocessor, analog or digital controller, via corresponding buffers or drivers if necessary, to thereby produce the gate voltage waveforms Vg_(SHIELD) and Vg_(SWITCH). However, it is to be understood that the actual configuration of the shield and switching gate voltage sources can be alternately configured various ways.

While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the present invention using the general principles disclosed herein. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims. 

1. A method for driving a dual-gated MOSFET, the dual-gated MOSFET being switchable between conduction and blocking modes, the dual-gated MOSFET having a shielding gate, a switching gate, a gate-to-drain overlap region, and a drain-to-source resistance when the MOSFET is in the conduction mode, said method comprising: applying a first voltage signal to the shielding gate; maintaining the first voltage signal at a first voltage level prior to switching the MOSFET from the blocking mode to the conduction mode, the first voltage level being selected to substantially completely charge the gate-to-drain overlap region of the MOSFET; and further applying a second voltage signal to the switching gate, the second voltage signal switching the MOSFET between the blocking and conduction modes.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said maintaining step comprises one of continuously maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level and maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level for a predetermined amount of time prior to switching the MOSFET from the blocking to the conduction mode.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said further applying step comprises switching the second voltage signal from a low voltage level to a high voltage level to thereby place the MOSFET in the conduction mode.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the steps of: delaying a first delay time after the further applying step; and changing the first voltage signal from the first voltage level selected to substantially completely charge the gate-to-drain overlap region of the MOSFET to a fourth voltage level selected to reduce the resistance between the drain and source of the MOSFET while in the conduction mode.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said first delay time comprises the rise time of the switching gate.
 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising the steps of: returning the first voltage signal from the fourth voltage level selected to reduce the resistance between the drain and source of the MOSFET while in the conduction mode to one of the first voltage level selected to substantially completely charge the gate-to-drain overlap region of the MOSFET or ground potential; delaying a second delay time; and further returning the second voltage signal from the high voltage level to the low voltage level to a thereby place the MOSFET in the blocking mode.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said second delay time comprises the fall time of the shielding gate.
 8. A method of driving a dual-gated MOSFET, the dual-gated MOSFET having a shielding gate, a switching gate, a Miller capacitance between the MOSFET gate and drain, and a drain-to-source resistance when the MOSFET is in the conduction mode, said method comprising: preparing the MOSFET to switch from the blocking mode to the conduction mode by applying a first voltage signal at a first voltage level to the shielding gate, the first voltage level being selected to substantially completely charge the Miller capacitance and thereby reduce switching losses; and applying a second voltage signal to the switching gate to switch the MOSFET between the blocking and conduction modes.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: delaying a first delay time following said applying step; and changing the first voltage signal to a fourth voltage level selected to substantially reduce the resistance between the drain and source of the MOSFET to thereby reduce conduction losses.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said first delay time comprises the rise time of the switching gate.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of returning the first voltage signal to the first voltage level to thereby substantially completely discharge the Miller capacitance thereby preparing the MOSFET to switch from the conduction mode to the blocking mode.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the steps of: further delaying a second delay time following said returning step; and switching said second voltage signal to said low voltage level.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein said preparing step comprises one of continuously maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level or maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level for a predetermined amount of time prior to switching the MOSFET from the blocking to the conduction mode.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein said preparing step comprises one of continuously maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level or maintaining the first voltage signal at the first voltage level for a predetermined amount of time prior to switching the MOSFET from the blocking to the conduction mode. 